It can, however, be calculated from the difference between measurements of total body water and extracellular water. Special techniques are required when using these sugars because they are rapidly filtered and excreted by the kidneys after their intravenous injection.Ĭellular water cannot be determined directly with any indicator. Measurements with inert sugars (such as mannitol, sucrose, and inulin) tend to lead to an underestimate of ECF volume because they are excluded from some of the extracellular water-for example, the water in dense connective tissue and cartilage. However, ions are not completely impermeant they slowly enter the cell compartment, so measurements tend to lead to an overestimate of ECF volume. ECF volume has been determined from the volume of distribution of these ions: radioactive Na+, radioactive Cl_, radioactive sulfate, thio-cyanate (SCN~), and thiosulfate (S2O32-) radioactive sulfate (35SO42-) is probably the most accurate. A reasonable estimate, however, can be obtained using two different classes of substances: impermeant ions and inert sugars. Unfortunately, there is no such ideal indicator, so the exact volume of the ECF cannot be measured. To measure extracellular water volume, the ideal indicator should distribute rapidly and uniformly outside the cells and should not enter the cell compartment.
Therefore, total body water as a percentage of body weight equals 50% in this woman. Substituting these values into the indicator dilution equation, we get Suppose during the equilibration period, urinary, respiratory, and cutaneous losses of D2O are 0.12 mL. A concentration of 0.001 mL D2O/mL plasma water is found. After a 2-hr equilibration period, a blood sample is withdrawn, and the plasma is separated and analyzed for D2O. We inject 30 mL of deuterium oxide (D2O) as an isotonic saline solution into an arm vein. For example, suppose we want to measure total body water in a 60-kg woman. To measure total body water, heavy water (deuterium oxide), tritiated water (HTO), or antipyrene (a drug that distributes throughout all of the body water) is used as an indicator. If there was loss of indicator from the fluid compartment, the amount lost is subtracted from the amount administered. Volume = Amount of indicator/ Concentration of indicator The concentration of the indicator in the plasma at equilibrium is measured, and the distribution volume is calculated from this formula After allowing sufficient time for uniform distribution of the indicator throughout the compartment, a plasma sample is collected. A known amount of a substance (the indicator), which should be confined to the compartment of interest, is administered. 2008).The indicator dilution method can be used to determine the size of body fluid compartments (see Chapter 14). This adaptation is not permanent as normal blood circulation will revert back to normal in a month after returning to sea-level (Baechile et al. For athletes to acquire the benefits that needed, immersion of at least four weeks is required. Living high will allow them to acquire the benefits of an increase in blood flow, while training at low altitudes will keep the quality of the training program since training environmental factors in high altitudes limit athletes to perform the needed intensity in their workouts (Crowther 2000). Live High-Train Low now becomes the optimal training regimen that Philippine Triathletes can have considering the benefits of topographical variation and cost of the whole training regimen. Training programs done in a high slopes can improve aerobic capacity and adaptation of triathletes to the varying terrain differences present in the race. High Altitude induces an adaptation in the human body which leads to “an increased formation of hemoglobin and red blood cells, increased diffusing capacity of oxygen to respiratory structures, increased capillarization, and better maintenance of acid-base balance of body fluids” (Baechile et al. With topographic variations present in the Philippines, abiotic factors such as altitude and slope can affect the performance of Triathletes especially in their blood flow and aerobic capacity. 2000). With this in mind, triathletes need to devise of different ways to help strengthen their fitness especially in countries like the Philippines that have little to no support coming from the government (Rosal 2017). The constant ratio of swim, bike and run during the 80's now vary as different events would change these ratios by either adding or lessening the activities to be done in the race (O’Connor et al. Triathlon is definitely one of the most demanding and straining sports especially with the different developments that it has undergone in the past decade.